Diesel engines in marine application

First of all, I want to explain generally a little about types of internal combustion engines which can be classified in a number of different ways:
Spark Ignition (SI): An SI engine starts the combustion process in each cycle by use of a spark plug. The spark plug gives a high-voltage electrical discharge between two electrodes which ignites the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber surrounding the plug.
Compression Ignition (CI): The combustion process in a CI engine starts when the air-fuel mixture self-ignites due to high temperature in the combustion chamber caused by high compression. In the present time, Compression ignition engines type are more widely using than spark ignition engines type in the field of automobile, truck, locomotive, marine vessel, or airplane because they were generally more efficient than spark ignition engines.

By 1892, Rudolf Diesel (1858-1913) had perfected his compression ignition engine into basically the same diesel engine known today. Engines can be classified by cylinder arrangement:
(a)Single cylinder (b) V engine (d) opposed cylinder (e) W engine (f) Opposed piston (g) Radial, operates on either a four-stroke cycle or a two-stroke cycle. Many kinds of fuel use in diesel engine .They are gasoline, diesel oil, gas, natural gas, methane, LPG, Acohol-Ethyl, Methyl, gasohol ( 90% gasoline and 10%acohol) and dual fuel (combination of methane and diesel fuel) which are attractive in developing third-world countries because of the high cost of diesel fuel.
Growing opportunities for dual-fuel and gas-diesel engines in land and marine power markets have stimulated designs from leading medium speed and low speed enginebuilders.
• Dual-fuel (DF) four-stroke engines can be run in either gas mode or liquid-fuelled diesel mode. In gas mode the engines work according to the lean-burn Otto principle, with a lean pre mixed air-gas mixture in the combustion chamber. Instead of a spark plug for ignition— normally used in lean-burn gas engines—the lean air-gas mixture is ignited by a small amount of diesel fuel injected into the combustion chamber. In diesel mode the engine works according to the normal diesel concept using a traditional jerk pump fuel injection system: Gas admission is de-activated but the pilot fuel remains activated to ensure reliable pilot ignition when the engine is transferred to gas operation.
• Gas-diesel (GD) technology differs from the dual-fuel diesel concept in using direct, high pressure injection of gas and 3 per cent pilot fuel for its ignition. GD medium speed engines can be operated on heavy fuel and diesel oils, crude oil directly from the well or natural gas; supply can be switched instantly and automatically from one fuel to another without shutdown. Conversions of existing engines from normal heavy fuel mode to natural gas/diesel oil operation can be executed with small modifications. Very low NOx emissions (1.1 g/kWh) are reported from the engine, which is available with ratings up to 3600 kW.
Choosing a propulsion engine or engines and the most suitable plant configuration for a given newbuilding or retrofit project is not a simple decision. It dictates careful study of the machinery options available and the operating profile of the ship. Today, ships are entering service with direct-coupled (and sometimes geared) two-stroke engines driving fixed or CP propellers, geared four-stroke engines or high/medium speed diesel–electric propulsion plants. Diverse diesel–mechanical and diesel–electric configurations can be considered. Low speed engines are dominant in the mainstream deepsea tanker, bulk carrier and containership sectors while medium speed engines are favoured for smaller cargo ships, ferries, cruise liners, RoRo freight carriers and diverse specialist tonnage such as icebreakers, offshore support and research vessels.

Low speed engines:
1) MAN B&W Diesel engine
2) Mitsubishi engine
3) Sulzer engine
4) Burmeister & Wain engine
5) Doxford engine
6) MAN engine

Medium speed engines:
1) Allen( Rolls-Royce)
2) Alpha Diesel ( MAN BW)
3) Catapiller
4) Deutz
5) Mak ( Caterpillar Moteren)
6) MAN BW
7) Roll-Royce Bergen
8) Ruston (MAN BW)
9) SEMT-Pielstick
10) Sulzer

Other medium engine:
1)V-version of Anglo Belgian Corporation’s DZ engine
2) Daihatsu DK-28 engine
3) GMT’s BL550 design
4) GMT A32 design
5) Hyundai H21/32 design
6) Mirrlees Blackstone MB430 design
7) Mirrlees Blackstone KV Major Mk 2 engine
8) Mitsui 42M engine
9) YANMAR

High speed engine: High speed four-stroke trunk piston engines are widely specified for propelling small, generally specialized, commercial vessels and as main and emergency genset drives on all types of tonnage. Marine high speed engines traditionally tended to fall into one of two design categories: high performance or heavy duty types. High performance models were initially aimed at the military sector. High medium sped engines can be classified under the following lists;

1) Caterpillar 3512B engine
2) CUMMINS
3) DEUTZ
4) GMT
5) ISOTTA FRASCHINI
6) MAN B&W HOLEBY
7) MITSUBISHI
8) MTU
9) Series 396
10) Series 595
11) Series 1163
12) Series 8000 engine
13) Series 2000
14) Series 4000
15) PAXMAN (MAN B&W)
16) SEMT-PIELSTICK
17) ZVEZDA
18) Scania DI16M engine