Wednesday, January 6, 2010
Monday, July 27, 2009
ကွွၽႊန္ေတာ္ရဲ႔ဘ၀ၾကင္ေဖာ္
ဘ၀ရဲ႔အခ်ိန္ေတြကိုေပ်ာ္ရႊင္စြာၿဖတ္သန္းရာတြင္..လူတိုင္းနီးပါးမလြဲမေသၿပဳလုပ္ေလ့ရွိ
ၾကတဲ႔ အိမ္ေထာင္ၿပဳ၊မိသားစုတစ္စုကိုတည္ေထာင္ရၿခင္းကိစၥဟာအေရးၾကီးတဲ႔ဘ၀ အစိတ္အပိုင္းတခုၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။ေရရွည္တည္တံခိုင္ၿမဲၿပီးေအာင္ၿမင္တဲ႔မိသားစုတစ္စုကိုတည္ ေဆာက္ဖို႔အတြက္ဘ၀ၾကင္ေဖာ္ဟာအလြန္အေရးၾကီးပါတယ္။မိမိ၏ဘ၀ၾကင္ေဖာ္ကို ေရြးရာမွဦးေႏွက္ရဲ႔ေရြးခ်ယ္မူလိုအပ္ေသာ္လည္း၊ႏွလံုးသားခံစားမူမပါလွ်င္အရွည္တြင္
လိုအပ္ေသာလင္မယားႏွစ္ေယာက္ၾကားနားလည္မူ၊တစ္ေယာက္အကဴိးကိုတစ္ေယာက္
ၿဖည္႔စီးႏုိင္မူ၊ေမတၱာတရားထားရွိမူေတြအားနည္းလာၿပီးမိသားစုတစ္ခုစုစုစည္း စည္းၿဖစ္လာဖို႔အလြန္ခဲယဥ္းပါသည္။
Saturday, December 20, 2008
အခ်စ္
လူတစ္ေယာက္တြင္မိမိတန္ဖိုးထား၍ခ်စ္ရသူေပၚၿဖစ္ေပၚေသာစစ္မွန္ေသာခ်စ္ၿခင္းေမတၲာသည္ေသခ်ာစဥ္း
စားၾကည္႔္လၽွင္ဘယ္ကေရာက္္လာသည္မသိသလို၊ ေဖာ္ၿပေၿပာဆိုရန္အလြန္ခက္ခဲပါလိမ္႔မည္။
Thursday, November 20, 2008
ခ်စ္ၿခင္း ေမတၲာ
ခ်စ္ၿခင္းတရားသည္သတၲေလာကၾကီးတခုလံုးတြင္အၿမဲတည္႐ွိပါသည္။သို႔ေသာ္ေမတၲာတရားလိုေတာ့ေႏြး
ေထြးၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းမူကိုေတာ့ေပးႏူိင္မွာမဟုတ္ပါ။ခ်စ္ၿခင္းတရားသည္ေလာဘ၊ေဒါသ၊အတၲေတြပါေနတာၿဖစ္တဲ့
အတြက္ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းမူ နည္းပါသလို…အေပး၊အယူသေဘာေတာ္ေတာ္ဆန္ပါသည္။
အဲ့ေတာ့ကၽႊန္ေတာ္၏အၿမင္အရေတာ့(မိဘႏွင့္သားသမီးၾကား၊လင္မယားႏွစ္ေယာက္ၾကား၊အရမ္းခ်စ္
ၾကေသာခ်စ္သူမ်ားအၾကား)မွလႊဲ၍ေနရာေတာ္ေတာ္မ်ားမ်ားတြင္အားလံုးဟာအေပး၊အယူသေဘာဆန္ဆန္ နဲ႔လႉပ္ရွားရုန္းကန္ၿပီးမိမိဘ၀ရပ္တည္ေရးအတြက္ ၾကိဳးစားေနၾကပါတယ္။
တကဲ့လက္ေတြ႔မွာလူတစ္ေယာက္အသက္ရွင္ရပ္တည္တဲဲ့အခါ..အေပးၾကီးပဲမၿဖစ္ႏူိင္သလို၊ အယူၾကီးလည္းမၿဖစ္ႏူိင္ပါဘူး၊အဲဒီႏွစ္ခုၾကားမွာေမတၲာတရားကိုေရာေမႊၿပီးအသိညဏ္ရွိရွိၾကိဳးစားရုန္း
ကန္မယ္ဆိုရင္ အဓိပၸါယ္ရွ၊ိေပ်ာ္ရႊင္စရာေကာင္းတဲ့ ဘ၀ကို ပိုင္ဆိုင္လိမ့္မည္ဟုယံုၾကည္ပါသည္။
Thursday, October 2, 2008
Political obligation (လူတိုင္းသိ႐ွိရန္လိုအပ္ေသာႏုိင္ငံေရးတာ၀န္)
ကၽႊန္ေတာ္ဒီေခါင္းစဥ္နဲ႔ပက္သက္ၿပီးႏုိင္ငံေရးစိတ္၀င္စားသူမ်ားအတြက္ဗဟုသုတရရွိေစရန္အလို႔ငွာ ေရးသားတင္ၿပသြားပါမယ္၊လိုတာရွိရင္ခြင့္လႊင့္ပါ။ကၽႊန္ေတာ္၏အၿမင္အရမည္သည္႔ ႏူိင္ငံသား တိုင္းမဆို ႏုိင္ငံေရးအသိ၊ ႏုိင္ငံေရးအၿမင္ရွိသင့္တယ္လို႔ယူဆပါတယ္။ဒါမွမိမိႏုိင္ငံအမဴိးသား အကဴိး စီးပြားကိုကာကြယ္ႏုိင္တဲ့ ပုဂၢဳိယ္ေတြၿဖစ္လာမွာၿဖစ္တယ္။
Political obligation ကေတာ့အလြန္က်ယ္ၿပန္႔တဲ့ notion ပါ။ေတာတာမ်ားမ်ားကိုလည္း cover ၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။တခဴိ႕ကေတာ့ political obligation ဆိုတာႏုိင္ငံသားတိုင္း vote လုပ္ခြင့္ရွိရမယ္၊
တခဴိ႕ၾကေတာ့လည္း ႏုိင္ငံသားတိုင္း ကိုယ့္ႏုိင္ငံအတြက္ vote မလို လိုအပ္တာကိုုထမ္းေဆာင္ေပးရမဲ့
တာ၀န္ရွိတယ္။ၿဖစ္ႏုိင္ရင္ႏုိင္ငံကိုကာကြယ္ဖို႔အတြက္တိုက္ခိုက္သင့္ရင္တိုက္ခိုက္ရမယ္။လူအမ်ားစုက
ေတာ့ဘယ္လိုပဲၿဖစ္ၿဖစ္ Political obligation ဆိုတာသူအလိုလိုေမြးရာပါ mind က သိၿပီး၊ကိုယ့္ႏုိင္ငံ၊
ကိုယ့္လူမဴိးအတြက္ ႏုိင္ငံရဲ႕laws ေတြကိုေလးစားလိုက္နာၿပီး လုပ္ရမဲ့တာ၀န္ ၿဖစ္တယ္လို႔ယူဆၾက
တယ္္။
' ဆက္လက္ေရးသားေဖာ္ၿပသြားမည္'
Wednesday, September 10, 2008
ေၾကာက္ရြံ႔ၿခင္း ႏွင့္ အမွန္တရား
- လူတိုင္းတြင္ အေၾကာင္းအမဴိးမဴိးေၾကာင့္ ေၾကာက္ရြံၿခင္းစိတ္ကို ၿဖစ္ေစႏူိင္ပါတယ္။ ေသၿခင္း တရားကိုေတာ့လူတိုင္းေၾကာက္လမ့္မယ္လိုထင္ပါတယ္။ ၿပီးေတာ့ပိုက္ဆံရွိတဲ့လူကပိုက္ဆံမ ရွိမွာ ကိုေၾကာက္တယ္။အာဏာရွိလြန္းတဲ့လူၾကေတာ့လည္းအာဏာ ကိုလက္လြတ္ရမွာကို ေသမေလာက္ ေၾကာင့္တယ္။ဒါေတြကိုေၾကာက္ေနတာဟာ တရားသေဘာကို မသိခ်င္ဟန္ ေဆာင္ေနၿခင္းလား။ ဒီလိုေၾကာက္စိတ္ဟာ လူအမ်ားစုကိုအကဴိး႐ွိေအာင္လုပ္ကိုင္ေဆာင္ရြက္ ႏူိင္တဲ့လူမဴိး (သို႔) ဒီပိုင္ ဆိုင္မူေတြ ကိုထိုက္ထိုက္တန္တန္ ရရွိထားတဲ့လူအဖို႔ ၿဖစ္ႏုိင္ေၿခအလြန္ နည္းပါသလို၊ေအာင္ၿမင္မူကို လည္းဆက္လက္ထိမ္းသိမ္းႏုိင္းစြမ္းရွိေသာလူမ်ားလည္းၿဖစ္ ပါသည္။သို႔ေသာ္ထို၀ိေသႆမ်ားနွင့္ဆန္႔ က်င့္ဘက္ရွိေသာ လူမ်ားအဖို႔ ဒီေၾကာက္စိတ္ ကိုတရားမွ်တမူ႐ွိ႐ွိ ႏုိင္ေအာင္ လုပ္ဖို႔ တကဲ့ၿပႆနာၾကီးပါ။ ဘယ္ၿပႆနာမွာမဆိုအေၿဖ တစ္ခုရွိၿပီးသားပါ။ ဒီအေၿဖကိုအနီးစပ္ဆံုး ရ ေအာင္စြမ္းေဆာင္ႏုိင္မွဘ၀ကို အဓိပၸါယ္ရွိရွိ ဆက္လက္တည္ေဆာက္ႏုိင္ပါလိမ့္မယ္။ေရ႐ွည္မွာအေၾကာက္တရား၏လြမ္းမိုးလုပ္ ေဆာင္ ၿခင္းက လူပတ္၀န္းက်င္ကိုဆိုးကဴိးမ်ားကိုသာေပၚၿဖစ္ေစႏုိင္ပါသည္။
Saturday, August 30, 2008
Refrigeration, air conditioning and ventilation
Refrigeration is a process in which the temperature of a space or its contents is reduced to below that of their surroundings. Air conditioning is the control of temperature and humidity in a space together with the circulation, filtering and refreshing of the air. Ventilation is the circulation and refreshing of the air in a space without necessarily a change of temperature. The three processes are thus interlinked and all involve the provision of a suitable climate for men, machinery and cargo.
Refrigeration
Refrigeration of cargo spaces and storerooms employs a system of components to remove heat from the space being cooled. The transfer of heat takes place in a simple system: firstly, in the evaporator where the lower temperature of the refrigerant cools the body of the space being cooled; and secondly, in the condenser where the refrigerant is cooled by air or water. The usual system employed for marine refrigeration plants is the vapour compression cycle. Where an air-cooled condenser is employed in very small plants, such as provision storerooms, adequate ventilation is required to help remove the heat being rejected by the condenser. Also, in the case of water-cooled condensers, fresh water or sea water may be employed.
Refrigerants are sub-divided into primary and secondary refrigerants. Primary refrigerants –it is employed in the compressor, condenser and evaporator system and certain properties are essential requirements. For example it will boil off or evaporate at a low temperature and reasonable pressure and it will condense at a temperature near normal sea water temperature at a reasonable pressure. The refrigerant must also be free from toxic, explosive, flammable and corrosive properties where possible. Type of refrigerant are:
1) fluorinated hydrocarbon compounds of various formulae;
2) Refrigerant 11;
3) Refrigerant 12;
4) Refrigerant 22 which is now probably the most common refrigerant;
5) Refrigerant 502;
Secondary refrigerants- Both large air conditioning and cargo cooling systems may employ a secondary refrigerant.Secondary refrigerants are employed where the installation is large and complex to avoid the circulation of expensive primary refrigerants in large quantities.
Air conditioning
Ships travel the world and are therefore subject to various climatic conditions. The crew of the ship must be provided with reasonable conditions in which to work regardless of the weather. Relative humidity in conjunction with temperature more truly determines the environment for human comfort.Relative humidity is the ratio of the water vapour pressure in the air tested, to the saturated vapour pressure of air at the same temperature.Satisfactory air treatment must involve a relatively 'closed' system where the air is circulated and returned.
Systems may however be designed for 100% renewal of air. Noise and vibration from equipment used in the system should be kept to a minimum to avoid a different kind of discomfort. Three main types of marine air conditioning system are in general use, the single duct, the twin duct and the single duct with reheat. The single-duct system is widely used on cargo ships. The twin-duct system provides increased flexibility and is mainly used on passenger ships. The 'single duct with reheat' system is used for vessels operating in mainly cool climates.
Ventilation
Refrigerants are sub-divided into primary and secondary refrigerants. Primary refrigerants –it is employed in the compressor, condenser and evaporator system and certain properties are essential requirements. For example it will boil off or evaporate at a low temperature and reasonable pressure and it will condense at a temperature near normal sea water temperature at a reasonable pressure. The refrigerant must also be free from toxic, explosive, flammable and corrosive properties where possible. Type of refrigerant are:
1) fluorinated hydrocarbon compounds of various formulae;
2) Refrigerant 11;
3) Refrigerant 12;
4) Refrigerant 22 which is now probably the most common refrigerant;
5) Refrigerant 502;
Secondary refrigerants- Both large air conditioning and cargo cooling systems may employ a secondary refrigerant.Secondary refrigerants are employed where the installation is large and complex to avoid the circulation of expensive primary refrigerants in large quantities.
Air conditioning
Ships travel the world and are therefore subject to various climatic conditions. The crew of the ship must be provided with reasonable conditions in which to work regardless of the weather. Relative humidity in conjunction with temperature more truly determines the environment for human comfort.Relative humidity is the ratio of the water vapour pressure in the air tested, to the saturated vapour pressure of air at the same temperature.Satisfactory air treatment must involve a relatively 'closed' system where the air is circulated and returned.
Systems may however be designed for 100% renewal of air. Noise and vibration from equipment used in the system should be kept to a minimum to avoid a different kind of discomfort. Three main types of marine air conditioning system are in general use, the single duct, the twin duct and the single duct with reheat. The single-duct system is widely used on cargo ships. The twin-duct system provides increased flexibility and is mainly used on passenger ships. The 'single duct with reheat' system is used for vessels operating in mainly cool climates.
Ventilation
Ventilation is the provision of a supply of fresh untreated air through a space. Natural ventilation occurs when changes in temperature or air density cause circulation in the space. Mechanical or forced ventilation uses fans for a positive movement of large quantities of air.
• Natural ventilation is used for some small workshops and stores but is impractical for working areas where machinery is present or a number of people are employed.
• Forced ventilation may be used in cargo spaces where the movement of air removes moisture or avoids condensation, removes odours or gases, etc.
• Natural ventilation is used for some small workshops and stores but is impractical for working areas where machinery is present or a number of people are employed.
• Forced ventilation may be used in cargo spaces where the movement of air removes moisture or avoids condensation, removes odours or gases, etc.
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